Reference Guide

We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package, such as EndNote (download style here) or Zoltero (download style here).

References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text (including citations in tables and legends) and listed individually at the end of the manuscript. They must be indicated by a numeral or numerals in square brackets – e.g., [1] or [2,3], or [4–6], or [2, 5-8].

 Include the digital object identifier (DOI) for all references where available. The references should follow the JAMIA referencing style (not JAMA). List the names and initials of all authors if there are 3 or fewer; otherwise list the first 3 and add ‘et al.’ Use one space only between words up to the year and then no spaces (see below). The journal title should be in italic and abbreviated according to the style of Medline. If the journal is not listed in Medline then it should be written out in full.

The following exmples show correct referencing style:

  1. Journal: Author 1 AB, Author 2 CD. Title of the article. Abbreviated Journal Name Year;Volume(issue):page-range.
  2. Example journal: Koziol-Mclain J, Brand D, Morgan DA, et al. Measuring injury risk factors: question reliability in a statewide sample. Inj Prev2000;6:148–150.
  3. Book chapter: Author 1 A, Author 2 BC. Title of the chapter. In: Editor 1A, Editor 2B, eds. Book Title. Publisher Location (city), Country: Publisher year;volume:page–range.
  4. Book chapter example: Nagin DC. General deterrence: a review of the empirical evidence. In: Blumstein A, Cohen J, Nagin D, eds. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences 1978:95–139.
  5. Book: Author 1A, Author 2B. Book Title. Publisher Location, Country: Publisher year;volume:page–range.
  6. Book example: Howland J. Preventing Automobile Injury: New Findings From Evaluative Research. Dover, USA: Auburn House Publishing Company 1988:163–96.
  7. Abstract/supplement: Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM, Author 3 FM, et al. Title of abstract or supplement [abstract or supplement]. Abbreviated Journal Name Year;Volume(issue):page-range
  8. Abstract/supplement example: Roxburgh J, Cooke RA, Deverall P, et al. Haemodynamic function of the carbomedics bileaflet prosthesis [abstract]. Br Heart J1995;73(Supplement 2):37.
  9. Personal communication: Author 1 AB. (University, City, State, Country); Author 2C. (Institute, City, State, Country). Personal communication, year.
  10. Personal communication example: Starceva OI (Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia); DiNardo PI (Rome University, Rome, Italy). Personal communication, 2021.
  11. Patent: Author 1 AB, Author 2 CD. Patent title. Patent number. Year.
  12. Patent example: Baguina EV. How to be a wonderful mother. №1309-1969. 2021
  13. Thesis: Author 1 AB. Level of Thesis: Title of Thesis. Degree-Granting University, Location of University (City, Country). Date of Completion.
  14. Thesis example: Sinelnikov YD. Ph.D.: Elasticity of MgSiO3-perovskite at high pressure and temperature by ultrasonic interferometry. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA. 1998.
  15. Website: Title of Site. Available online: URL (accessed on Day/Month/Year).
  16. Website example: Journal of Biomedical Reports. Available online: journalofbiomedicalreports.com (accessed on 21/05/2021)